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Framing of Indonesian Radicalisation Pathways in the Australian news media: A Comparison of Broadsheets and Tabloids
Jung, Hansol ; Conway, Maura (advisor) ; Prina, Federica (referee) ; Špelda, Petr (referee)
This study examines how radicalisation in Indonesia is treated in the Australian press. Radicalisation is widely defined as a dramatic shift in the belief system of an individual or a group, denial of democratic means, and justifying the use of violence to achieve the political aims in this paper. Although there are various types and drivers of radicalisation, the researcher limited this research to identifying the framing of six pathways of Islamic radicalisation in Indonesia identified by Hwang and Schulze and Idris. For this purpose, 301 articles from selected Australian broadsheets and tabloids, dating up to 8 May 2020, were collected. Using quantitative and qualitative content analysis to generate the frequency of terms and metaphors used to describe radicalisation pathways in Indonesia, the study finds that the securitising and stigmatising frames are mainly employed in the Australian press in portrayal of radicalisation in Indonesia. In addition, the study explores the different style of coverage employed in Australian broadsheets and tabloids. Before conducting the comparative study, the researcher surmised that broadsheets will cover radicalisation in Indonesia with neutral tone while tabloids will sensationalise the issue. However, the outcome revealed that the framing employed by...
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The Roles of Foreign Fighters in Insurgencies: A Typology
Klein, Gabriel ; Aslan, Emil (advisor) ; Laryš, Martin (referee)
The master's thesis deals with the phenomenon of foreign fighters primarily represented by contemporary jihadists. The author explores the insufficiently researched issue of participation of jihadist foreign fighters in insurgencies regarding their roles and activities in conflict zones. First, the author reviews the available academic literature on the concept of foreign fighters focusing on key definitions. Subsequently, the academic literature on seven most significant jihadist foreign-fighter mobilisations, Afghanistan (1980-1992), Bosnia (1992-1995), Somalia (1993-present), Chechnya (1994-2009), Afghanistan (2001-present), Iraq (2003-present), and Syria (2011-present), is analysed to identify patterns of similarity and difference in the jihadist foreign fighters' roles and activities. The author then introduces five distinct types of jihadist foreign fighters: 1) military and ideological leaders, field commanders; 2) foot soldiers; 3) suicide attackers; 4) support personnel; and 5) jihadist brides/wives. Each type is characterised based on the empirical evidence from the seven abovementioned cases of jihadist foreign-fighter mobilisations. Keywords Foreign Fighters, Insurgency, Jihadism, Roles, Typology Title The Roles of Foreign Fighters in Insurgencies: A Typology
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Central Asian Foreign Fighters in Syria
Nováková, Sabina ; Bureš, Oldřich (advisor) ; Záhora, Jakub (referee)
This thesis deals with the phenomenon of Central Asian foreign fighters in Syria, 2011- 2017. It analyzes their radicalization, recruitment, and travel patterns. Special emphasis is placed on tracking the home states' responses, including elements of de-radicalization and counter-radicalization. The thesis has found that there is arguably no single factor explaining the Central Asian fighters' radicalization; nor is there a typical profile of a Central Asian fighter. Available data suggest that radicalization and extremist recruitment most often occur in Russia. Furthermore, the analysis of travel patterns has shown that the majority of Central Asian fighters traveled to Syria either indirectly via multiple countries (again, most often Russia) or directly from their country of origin, and then crossed the border from Turkey. The thesis concludes that all five Central Asian states have adopted policies to address the perceived security threat of returning foreign fighters, whereas the hard, restrictive and punitive approach has been prevalent all across the region.
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Securitization of migration in Czech Republic
Lukašík, Petr ; Kučera, Tomáš (advisor) ; Špelda, Petr (referee)
The thesis in your hands focus on foreign Fighter phenomenon in the Czech Republic. It argues, that Foreign Fighters are specific kind of migrants who travel both short-term and long-term into a conflict area of their choice. Some do come back to their countries of departure. The thesis has two goals. First one is to find out if there is potential for securitization of Foreign Fighters in the Czech Republic present in Czech society. For this purpose, securitization theory is used. Second goal of the thesis is to look closer on the Foreign Fighter phenomenon both in general and in local circumstances. The thesis presents analysis of academic literature on the topic of Foreign Fighters. It discusses definitions, Foreign Fighter numbers and threat assessment, and approaches adopted to deal with the phenomenon. Next, specifics of foreign Fighters in the Czech Republic are discussed. A survey was launched in order to gain data for this study among Czech society. Results of the survey indicate there is not much interest for securitization of the topic in the Czech Republic. Further results yielded there is not much of a difference in Czech Foreign Fighters and their compatriots from other countries, except maybe focus of Czech fighters on Ukraine except Middle East.
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The Russian Approach to the Process of Dissengagement of the Foreign Fighters
Vargová, Martina ; Střítecký, Vít (advisor) ; Ludvík, Zdeněk (referee)
Diploma thesis The Russian Approach to the Process of Disengagement of the Returning Foreign Fighters is dealing with the issue of terminating one's membership and participation on activities of the terrorist organizations abroad in the context of the Russian Federation. The aim of the thesis is to fill the gap in the research which has neglected the Russian approach. The thesis is working with the theoretical knowledge of the current research on disengagement and transfers it to the state level. The approach of the Russian Federation to the process of disengagement is analysed within the categories of hard and soft measures which are being implemented by the Russian Federation in connection with the disengagement of the foreign fighters returning from Syria and Iraq mainly to the North Caucasian region. Based on the balance between hard and soft measures, the complexity of the Russian approach is being assessed. The approach of the Russian Federation to the process of disengagement of the foreign fighters is varied on the federal and within the regional level as well. The federal level approach is strictly based on hard measures and involuntary disengagement of the returning foreign fighters. The regional level in cases of Chechnya, North Ossetia, Stavropol region and Karachay-Cherkessia is...
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Terrorism from the perspective of public policy
Batko, Martin ; Cejp, Martin (advisor) ; Knobloch, František (referee)
Area of interest regarding this master thesis is the fight against terrorism at European Union level. The work then aims to analyze how effective the EU institutions in the fight against terrorism, Europol, Eurojust and the CTC, are. The first part focuses on the issue of terrorism itself, by the help of comparative analysis and data analysis the possible root causes of terrorism and issues regarding radicalization are discussed. The second part is devoted to the actual effectiveness of the main EU institutions in the fight against terrorism and consequently to the security threat associated with the issue of foreign fighters that became a priority agenda within the EU counterterrorism. These sections has also been prepared on the basis of empirical research since semi-standardized interviews with experts in this field were conducted. It was investigated, that the EU institutions in the fight against terrorism have several weaknesses, and there are several limits in their fight against terrorism. Conversely, in the context of foreign fighters the EU has managed to adopt several concrete and directed measures.
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Processes of Radicalisation: Foreign Fighters from Western Europe Who Fought for Islamic State
Truchlá, Jana ; Bureš, Oldřich (advisor) ; Nocheva, Nikolena Hristova (referee)
The awareness that the threat of terrorism is no longer linked only to the Middle East, but has home-grown nature and arisen from young people living on European soil, alarmed the public and subsequently provoked increased interest in radicalisation research. 9/11 or the European terrorist attacks in London or Madrid have led to the increasing media attention of the phenomenon of radicalisation occurring among young European Muslims. At the beginning of the new millennium, the threat stemming from terrorism embodied one of the most urgent security challenges, whether for politicians or scholars. The academic and political interest in research into factors that increase the risk of radicalisation to violent extremism has ended up in many efforts to grasp and properly define radicalisation, or to outline the expected pathways of radicalisation (Veldhuis, 2009: 1). In my thesis, I build on these efforts of prominent experts and I examine the effect of the factors contributing to violent radicalisation like social networks, dissatisfaction with current reality, moral outrage, family and individual characteristics including criminal backgrounds. I look at the impact of these factors in case studies of three Western European countries - Belgium, France, and the United Kingdom. Except discussing specific...
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Foreign Fighters and the Challenges Associated with their Criminal Accountability
Richterová, Anna ; Bílková, Veronika (advisor) ; Šturma, Pavel (referee) ; Ditrichová, Petra (referee)
Foreign Fighters and the Challenges Associated with their Criminal Accountability JUDr. Anna Richterová The presented thesis focuses on the phenomenon of foreign fighters - a topic that has been for years appearing not only on cover pages of newspapers, but it is mainly a frequent subject of legal discussions and new legislations. The major reason is the connectivity of this phenomenon with the terrorism. The aim of this work is a comprehensive charting/analysing and elucidating of questions who the foreign fighters are, what their status is in the framework of the international law and what the possibilities of their criminal accountability are. In the general part, the work introduces and refines the concept of foreign fighters and foreign terrorist fighters. It offers both the historical and modern perspective of the participation of persons in armed conflicts abroad. It is followed by presenting the modern efforts to define the term of foreign fighters and explaining why the phenomenon of the foreign fighters and the measures against them are not new. The work also outlines the motivation of people to leave and fight in remote parts of the world. Legislative measures concerning foreign terrorist fighters on the universal and regional level are discussed in detail. The age-old effort to adopt a...
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Criminal Aspects of Involvement of Person in Foreign Armed Enities
Klímová, Petra ; Gřivna, Tomáš (advisor) ; Bohuslav, Lukáš (referee)
This rigorous thesis investigates in the context of criminal law the matter of involvement of individuals in foreign armed entities without any particular relationship of the subject individual to the territory in which the armed conflict takes place. With respect to the current security situation, this thesis in its 7 chapters focuses on the phenomenon of "foreign fighters" and foreign terrorist fighters. Both of these terms are defined in the introduction one to another and in relationship with other types of possible involvement of individuals in the context of this theses. These individuals impose significant risk to both the countries of their origin, where they return after the conflicts end, and to the country of the armed conflict, where they contribute to the escalation and prolongation. Due to increasing number of individuals in question is this a point of interest in both international and regional (european) community, which lead to enactment of several legal documents in the domain of criminal law, which are being rigorously investigated in this paper. Increased attention to this domain is being reflected on the national level as well, both the novelised legislation already in effect and changes which are currently being discussed as a de lege ferenda. This thesis deals with those...
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Radicalization in Prison: Approaching the Issue
Dotlačil, Filip ; Ditrych, Ondřej (advisor) ; Aslan, Emil (referee)
In recent years Europe experienced several terrorist attacks on its soil. Some of these were committed by Jihadists radicalised in prisons. An issue already identified by scholars has thus become publicly known and attracted attention of policy makers. The combination of Islamic propaganda with jails imprisoning substantial amount of vulnerable inmates and incarceration of returning foreign fighters create a mixture threatening to produce more violent extremists. The aim of this thesis is to describe how Germany approaches the issue and connect its solution with existing radicalisation models and prison regime concepts. Because of the federal structure of Germany, this description is based on analysis of three levels: institutional analysis of the German framework (macro); comparison of state projects tackling the issue (meso); and a case study of practitioners of one federal state (micro). The thesis comes to a conclusion, that the German strategy is strongly decentralised, still not in its final form, applies the concept of dynamic security as its prison regime and approaches the issue from a holistic perspective, involving also non-state actors and other areas of radicalisation.
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